1. Representatives of local citizens' alliances and employers' associations founded the Citizens' Industrial Association of America in Chicago in October 1903. Like the local citizens' alliances that proliferated around the country in the first years of the twentieth century--one was founded in Birmingham, Ala., in August 1903--the national body opposed such union activities as strikes and boycotts and sought the assistance of courts and other governmental authorities to prevent trade unions from interfering with the operations of businesses.

2. The Birmingham Trades Council convened a meeting of Alabama union representatives on Oct. 11, 1903, to formulate a response to the Alabama antiboycott law. A subsequent meeting, held Nov. 1 in Birmingham, organized the United Labor League to promote the political welfare of wage earners throughout the state.